Photovoltaic energy Developed in the 50 years for equipment and the first spacecraft WAS Launched Into Space in 1958. It was the only process non-nuclear power satellite energy. It Was the only process non-nuclear power satellite energy. Satellite imagery received by your TV do not come only through photovoltaics. Satellite imagery Received by your TV do not come only-through photovoltaics.
During
the '70s and '80s, efforts were made to reduce costs so that
photovoltaic energy is also used for terrestrial applications. DURING
the '70s and '80s, efforts to Reduce Costs Were Made so That
photovoltaic energy est aussi Used For terrestrial applications. The growth of the industry was dramatic. The growth of the Industry Dramatic WAS.
Since
the early 80's, the amount of PV modules shipped per year (measured in
MW-peak) and increased the price of modules (per watt peak) decreased
gradually as the number of modules produced increased. Since
the early 80's, the Amount of PV modules shipped per year (Measured in
MW-peak) and the price of INcreased modules (per watt peak) Decreased
gradually as the number of modules Produced INcreased. Although the price has somewhat stabilized, the amount of PV modules shipped each year continues to increase. Although the price HAS Somewhat stabilized, the Amount of PV modules shipped EACH year continued to Increase.
Some dates: Some dates:
1839: The French physicist Edmund Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect. 1839: French physicist Edmund Becquerel The discovered the photovoltaic effect.
1875: Werner von Siemens outlines to the Berlin Academy of Sciences a paper on the photovoltaic effect in semiconductors.
1875: Werner von Siemens outlines to the Berlin Academy of Sciences paper on the photovoltaic effect in semiconductors. But until the Second World War, the phenomenon remains an anecdotal finding. Until the goal Second World War, the Phenomenon Remains Finding anecdotal year.
1954:
Three American scientists, Chapin, Pearson and Prince, are developing a
high efficiency photovoltaic cell when the nascent space industry is
seeking new solutions to power its satellites. 1954:
Three American Scientists, Chapin, Pearson and Prince, are Developing a
high-efficiency photovoltaic cell When The nascent Space Industry IS
Seeking new solutions to power satellites icts.
1958: A cell with a yield of 9% is developed. 1958: A cell with a yield of 9% is Developed. The first satellite powered by solar cells are sent into space. The first satellite powered by solar cells are felt Into Space.
1973: The first house powered by solar cells is built at the University of Delaware. 1973: The first house powered by solar cells built IS at the University of Delaware.
1983: The first car powered by photovoltaic energy travels a distance of 4000 km in Australia. 1983: The First Car Powered by photovoltaic energy travels a distance of 4000 km in Australia.
1995: Programs of grid-connected photovoltaic roofs have been launched in Japan and Germany, and became widespread since
2001. 1995: Programs of grid-connected photovoltaic roofs Have Been Launched in Japan and Germany, and Became Widespread since 2001.
Operating Principles Operating Principles
s
The
photovoltaic cell is composed of a semiconductor material that absorbs
light energy and converts it directly into electricity. The
photovoltaic cell of a semiconductor Composed IS That material absorbed
light energy and Convert It Directly Into Electricity. The operating principle of this cell uses the properties of radiation and those of semiconductors. The Principle of operating this cell uses the properties of radiation and Those of semiconductors.
The semiconductor The semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material whose concentration of free charges is very low compared to metals. A semiconductor material Whose Is A concentration of free charges IS very low Compared to metals.
For
an electron bound to an atom (valence band) become free in a
semiconductor and participates in the conduction current, it must
provide a minimum energy for it to achieve higher energy levels
(conduction band ). For
year to year bound electron atom (valence band) in a semiconductor
Become free and participate way in the conduction current, it must
Provide a minimum energy for it to Achieve Higher energy levels
(conduction band). It is the energy of the "band gap", eg, in electron volt (eV). It Is The energy of the "band gap", eg, in electron volt (eV). This threshold value is unique to each semiconductor material and ranges from 1.0 to 1.8 eV for photovoltaic applications. This threshold value is unique to EACH semiconductor material and ranges from 1.0 to 1.8 eV for photovoltaic applications. It is 1.1 eV for crystalline silicon (c-Si) and 1.7 eV for amorphous silicon (a-Si). It ITB 1.1 eV for crystalline silicon (c-Si) and 1.7 eV for amorphous silicon (a-Si).
The
spectrum of solar radiation is the distribution of photons - particles
of light - according to their energy (inversely proportional to the
wavelength). The
spectrum of solar radiation Is The distribution of photons - particles
of light - According To Their energy (inversely proportional to the
wavelength). The
radiation entering the solar cell will be partially reflected, another
part is absorbed and the rest will pass through the thickness of the
cell. The
radiation Entering the solar cell Will Be Partially Reflected, Absorbed
Another Part IS and the Rest Will pass through the thickness of the
cell.
The
absorbed photons whose energy exceeds the energy of the band gap will
release a negative electron, leaving a "hole" position behind him. The
Absorbed energy photons Whose Exceeds the band gap energy of the Will
release a negative electron, leaving a "hole" position behind HIM. To
separate this pair of electric charges of opposite signs (positive and
negative) and collect an electric current, it is necessary to introduce
an electric field, E, on both sides of the cell. Separate
to this pair of electric charges of opposite signs (positive and
negative) and collect electric current year, It Is Necessary to
Introduce year electric field, E, Both Sides of the cell.
The method used to create this field is that of "doping" with impurities. The method Used to create this field Is That of "doping" with impurities.
Two types of doping are available: Two kinds of doping are possible:
The
n-type doping (negative) is to introduce in the crystal structure of
the semiconductor atoms that have foreign ownership to give everyone an
excess electron (negative charge), free to move in the crystal. The
n-type doping (negative) Is To Introduce in the crystal structure of
the semiconductor foreign ownership Atoms That Have to Give everyone a
year excess electrons (negative charge), free to move in the crystal. This is the case of phosphorus (P) in silicon (Si). This is the case of phosphorus (P) in silicon (Si). In an n-type material, it greatly increases the concentration of free electrons. In year n-type material, it Greatly Increase the concentration of free electrons.
The p-type doping (positive) which uses the insertion of atoms in the crystal lattice will give a hole in surplus. The p-type doping (positive) Which uses the insertion of Atoms in the crystal lattice Will Give A hole in surplus. Boron (B) is the p-type dopant most commonly used for silicon. Boron (B) Is the p-type dopant for silicon MOST Commonly Used.
When
performing two different dopings (n-type and p-type) from both sides of
the cell, the result after recombination of free charges (electrons and
holes), a constant electric field created by the presence of positive and negative ions fixed. When
performing Two different doping (n-type and p-type) from Both Sides of
the cell, the result After recombination of free charges (electrons and
holes), a constant electric field created by the presence of positive
and negative ions fixed. The electric charges generated by absorption of radiation can contribute to the current of the photovoltaic cell. The electric charges generated by absorption of radiation Can Contribute to the current of the photovoltaic cell. When the energy of the band gap increases, the current decreases but the tension is higher. When the energy of the band gap Increase, Decrease the current goal the tension is High.
Advantages and disadvantages
Photovoltaic technology has many advantages. Photovoltaic technology HAS Many advantages.
• First, a highly reliable - it has no moving parts - making it particularly suitable for remote areas. First, High Reliability - it Has No moving parts - making it particularly Suitable for Remote Areas. This is the reason for its use on spacecraft. This is The Reason for ITS use on spacecraft.
• Second, the modular nature of PV provides a simple and adaptable to a variety of energy needs. Second, the modular nature of photovoltaic panels allow easy of installation and adaptable to a Variety of Energy Needs. Systems can be sized to power applications ranging from milliWatt in megawatts. Systems Can Be sized to power applications ranging from milliWatt in megawatts.
•
Their operating costs are very low given the low maintenance they
require no fuel or transport, or highly specialized personnel. Operating Costs are very low maintenance THEY Given the low require no fuel or transport, or Highly Specialized personnel.
•
Finally, this photovoltaic technology qualities ecologically because
the finished product is non-polluting, silent and does not involve any
disturbance of the environment, except by the use of space for large
facilities . Finally,
this photovoltaic technology qualities ecologically Because the
finished Product is non-Polluting, silent and Does not INVOLVE Any
disturbance of the environment, except by the use of space for large
facilities.
Disadvantages
• The manufacture of photovoltaic module is the high technology investment and requires a high cost. The manufacture of photovoltaic module Is the high technology investment and Requires a high cost.
• The actual yield of a conversion module is small (the theoretical limit for crystalline silicon cell is 28%). The Actual yield of a conversion module IS small (the limit for crystalline silicon Theoretical cell IS 28%).
• The photovoltaic generators are competitive with diesel generators for low energy requirements in isolated areas. Photovoltaic generators are competitive with diesel generators for low energy in isolated Requirements Areas.
•
Finally, when the storage of electrical energy in chemical form (drums)
is required, the cost of the photovoltaic generator is increased. Finally,
When the storage of electrical energy in chemical form (drums) IS
required, the cost of the photovoltaic generator INcreased IS. Reliability
and system performance, however, remain equivalent as long as the
battery and associated control components are carefully selected. Reliability
and system performance, however, remain equivalent as long as the
battery and associated control components are Carefully selected.
Sunday, October 2, 2011
cheap hot shower
Solar water heaters
With a family of four
whose members want to take a shower one after the other. Where the heating capacity of the sun is setting, but also the
great qualities that have a border, you can use the fast water heater, comes
with an internal computer. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method, for
example using a computerized mechanism. Which method you
prefer to heat water? The least expensive
to heat water using solar water heater. But what do we do
when it's not enough? Can you heat
electricity, gas, solar power in a well-known, yet their use has heated up
money due to electrical power cost.
Water Heater
. solar water heaters is an excellent
product, that is a collection of free energy using solar panels .
David Power
Long wait for warm water (40 minutes to two hours, and a high
electricity bill., Depending on family size), there is usually only electric
uncle. Its installation costs between $ 1,300 , Its disadvantages are
operating switch.
Calc it slows the
heat and lack of control over temperature leading to high temperatures heating
boiler: Always water heaters come with an electric auxiliary mechanism, in cold
water. It also wastes water because you have to dilute the hot water, and the boiler light when the sun is not enough. Cons: high
electricity costs.
Who do not want to wait for hot water:
Fast water heater -
the last word this water heating water heater quickly - Trmosfid. It connects to water heater and has an internal computer that
allows to program the temperature you want. It can heat up 16 liters of water an hour and went into action
independently.
Heating gas: gas heaters also work in conjunction with David Sun. When the water inside cool gas system automatically goes into
effect. Gas water heating system is easy and over 2800-2500, and it requires
a connection to gas, electricity and pipe used in chimney emissions of carbon
dioxide out of the house.
Advanced Heating gas: Today there are heated with an option to the temperature. Temperature range the higher the shower is 41-37 degrees. Higher than that is not recommended, because this is a waste of
energy and the heat is too high.
Advantages compared with gas heating electric uncle: its monthly operating
costs by about 30% cheaper than the electric uncle, and he warms about 16
liters per minute compared to 4-3 gallons per minute the electric boiler.
Gas heating disadvantages: not everyone wants to mess with gas, although
these systems are considered safe. There is also the tartar formation, slows the heating process,
so when buying a gas heating system, ask for material against limescale.
Solar and your home
Solar water heaters are the most important thing is each home. . Solar water heater used to heat water for domestic use and using solar energy utilization. . David solar boiler reduces power usage to zero during the summer months, which saves not only money but also energy.
Standard of living increased significantly in recent years and this means using more electrical appliances. The result is that the IEC is not enough to satisfy the growing electricity consumption much more quickly the electricity production capacity of the IEC. Expression of this distress seems particularly hot days or very cold, when its peak power. That said, every resident of the State of Israel must remember that we have no unnecessary energy waste and should save electricity, even if we have the economic ability to finance the excess consumption.
. The need is there in saving energy is actually a national responsibility and in this respect it is no different then being in the army or pay taxes. Everyone's goal is to see the United States growing and evolving and we must make every effort to do so, especially in this case the effort is not too significant.
Another important detail is to protect the environment. In fact solar energy available that use it a lot in which solar energy. Using this energy creates no air pollution and therefore highly recommended to use the sun as long as possible. On days when talking everywhere about global warming and the need to reduce greenhouse gases, every person should do the consideration where it can be reduced to not add the global pollution. Reducing air pollution is in fact our obligation to our children. The goal is to leave them inherit a cleaner world.
But what I, a single person, can do to affect the closed systems such as global warming and reducing global pollution . The answer is everything but each will devote some effort in ecological issue he finds out that he can save a lot without giving up anything. This case of solar water heaters is particularly striking case, because I did not have to give up but to install hot water heaters, and more will be sunny, hot water will be.
Use of solar water heater is actually much more comfortable with the use of boiler electric, for those who use solar water heaters, can enjoy hot water all the time, while those who use boiler electric, not only wastes money and energy for nothing, but also have to wait half an hour or more to go take a shower or wash tools. The Sun can make our lives easier and help us save energy and pollution, but to enjoy all these things, we buy solar water heaters from experts who know what they market and know how to install the boiler correctly. . Buying a water heater from a non professional could lead to many complications and heartache
The Sun
The sun is one of the major life forces in nature. Without it actually was not life as we know it. She participates
Oxygen production process in plants and maintains the growth, it warms and lights, but it took thousands of years of human civilization
To succeed in harnessing the sun's energy to our needs as an energy alternative energy produced in combustion.
Electricity generation, almost anywhere in the world based on converting heat generated by combustion of flammable materials and only electric energy .
Contemporary Western world can not exist without electricity. Almost all human activity, certainly in the dark hours needed electricity.
In recent years, great efforts are being made to expand the use of wind energy and especially solar energy.
Power produced from burning infectious agents and supplies. The sun, if not we will continue to harm the environment, will continue to be energy
If we learn to take advantage of every available patch of roof to produce solar energy to electrical energy, at the national level can significantly be reduced
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)